July 23, 2013 — Scientists from The University of Manchester have revealed new images which provide the clearest picture yet of how white blood immune cells attack viral infections and tumours.


They show how the cells, which are responsible for fighting infections and cancer in the human body, change the organisation of their surface molecules, when activated by a type of protein found on viral-infected or tumour cells.

Professor Daniel Davis, who has been leading the investigation into the immune cells, known as natural killers, said the work could provide important clues for tackling disease.

The research reveals the proteins at the surface of immune cells are not evenly spaced but grouped in clusters -- a bit like stars bunched together in galaxies.

Professor Davis, Director of Research at the Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (MCCIR), a partnership between the University and two pharmaceutical companies GlaxoSmithKline and Astra Zeneca, said: "This is the first time scientists have looked at how these immune cells work at such a high resolution. The surprising thing was that these new pictures revealed that immune cell surfaces alter at this scale -- the nano scale -- which could perhaps change their ability to be activated in a subsequent encounter with a diseased cell.

"We have shown that immune cells are not evenly distributed as once thought, but instead they are grouped in very small clumps -- a bit like if you were an astronomer looking at clusters of stars in the Universe and you would notice that they were grouped in clusters. "We studied how these clusters or proteins change when the immune cells are switched on -- to kill diseased cells. Looking at our cells in this much detail gives us a greater understanding about how the immune system works and could provide useful clues for developing drugs to target disease in the future."

Until now the limitations of light microscopy have prevented a clear understanding of how immune cells detect other cells as being diseased or healthy.

The team used high quality, super-resolution fluorescence microscopy to view the cells in blood samples in their laboratory to create the still images published in the journal Science Signalling this week.

First Dual-Action Compound Kills Cancer Cells, Stops Them from Spreading

June 5, 2013 — Scientists are reporting development and successful lab tests on the first potential drug to pack a lethal one-two punch against melanoma skin cancer cells. Hit number one destroys cells in the main tumor, and the second hit blocks the spread of the cancer to other sites in the body, according to their report in the journal ACS Chemical Biology.

Nathan Luedtke and colleagues explain that the spread of melanoma and other forms of cancer beyond the original location -- a process called metastasis -- makes cancer such a serious disease. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), which involves administering a drug that kills cancer cells when exposed to light, already is available. But PDT works only on the main tumor and has other drawbacks. Luedtke's team set out to find an improved approach to PDT.

The scientists describe successful tests in laboratory mice of one compound they synthesized that not only killed melanoma cells, but also stopped them from metastasizing by blocking a key signal inside the tumor cells. The compound "provides the first example of a preclinical candidate possessing both of these properties," the scientists state.

The authors acknowledge funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation.

Genetic Testing of Rare Blood Cancer Reveals New Mutation

June 5, 2013 — A recent article in the New England Journal of Medicine describes genetic testing of a rare blood cancer called atypical chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL) that revealed a new mutation present in most patients with the disease. The mutation also serves as an Achilles heel, allowing doctors at the University of Colorado Cancer Center to prescribe a never-before-used, targeted treatment. The first patient treated describes his best snowboarding season ever

 "I'm a crazy sports fan," says the patient. "I go 30 days a season. I may be the oldest guy snowboarding on the mountain, but I'm not the slowest!"

When he lost a few pounds from what eventually proved to be undiagnosed cancer, the patient was initially pleased. "I was lighter and could snowboard better -- ride better, jump better," he says. Then he took a blood test and his white blood cell count was far in excess of the normal range. His doctor couldn't find a cause and so they watched and waited. A couple months later, another blood test showed his white count was even higher.

"That's when I decided to go to the University of Colorado Hospital," he says. There he met Daniel A. Pollyea, MD, MS, CU Cancer Center investigator, assistant professor and clinical director of Leukemia Services at the University of Colorado School of Medicine, and co-author of what would become the recent study in NEJM.

"Pollyea said my illness didn't fit into any major categories," the patient says. "I could see in his face that he'd run into something abnormal, something new. He was aggressive but didn't force his own opinion. I saw him reach out to every source he could find -- every other specialist he could get in contact with."

"He'd been sent from doctor to doctor being told incorrect information," Pollyea says. "By the time we saw him, his blood counts were going in a bad direction due to the progression of his leukemia."

Pollyea had worked on blood cancers since his fellowship training at Stanford University, and through his work there developed a relationship with researchers at the University of Oregon, which had an ongoing project in blood cancers that defied common classifications. Pollyea and his team took a sample from his patient and sent it to Oregon for testing, with the hopes that if they could identify a gene mutation causing this cancer, there might be a chance they could target the mutation with an existing drug.

Sure enough, sequencing showed a mutation in a gene that makes a protein called colony-stimulating factor 3 (CSF3R). Cells with this mutation have uncontrolled growth in the bone marrow, resulting in a leukemia.

Further studies revealed a drug, ruxolitinib, could effectively target cells with this mutation. Approved to treat another condition, myelofibrosis, just months before, the drug hadn't previously been considered as a treatment for this type of leukemia. But with dwindling options, Pollyea and colleagues decided ruxolitinib was worth a try.

"There were no good alternatives other than to use the ruxolitinib," Pollyea says. "Our patient became the first person with this condition who received this treatment. His white blood count came down, his other blood counts normalized, and his symptoms virtually disappeared."

"I had my best snowboarding season ever," says the patient. "Good, late season snow here in Colorado. Actually, I'd lived elsewhere and when I first got the disease I wondered if maybe something about moving to Colorado made it happen -- you know, the altitude, the lack of oxygen. But now after working with Dr. Pollyea, I realize that I didn't get sick because I live here, I got cured because I live here. Would I have had this kind of treatment anywhere else? I'm not so sure."

Both patient and doctor are clear that "cure" is an imprecise word to use in this case, but so far improvement seems durable. This experience will now serve as the basis of a planned multi-center clinical trial to use novel targeted therapies to treat similar patients with this rare, activating mutation.

"Since this patient, we've evaluated a handful of others with similar diseases, and we're continuing to work with genetic sequencing to see if the activating mutation matches up with this or other drugs," Pollyea says. "In the case of this disease, we can now diagnose with a reliable test and even better -- based on the results of this study -- it's a disease we can treat."

Scientists Unexpectedly Discover Stress-Resistant Stem Cells in Fat Tissue Removed During Liposuction

June 5, 2013 — Researchers from the UCLA Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology have isolated a new population of primitive, stress-resistant human pluripotent stem cells easily derived from fat tissue that are able to differentiate into virtually every cell type in the human body without genetic modification.

The cells, called Multi-lineage Stress-Enduring (Muse-AT) stem cells from fat, or adipose, tissue, were discovered by "scientific accident" when a piece of equipment failed in the lab, killing all the stem cells in the experiment except for the Muse-AT cells. The research team further discovered that not only are Muse-AT cells able to survive severe stress, they may even be activated by it, said study senior author Gregorio Chazenbalk, an associate researcher with UCLA Obstetrics and Gynecology.

These pluripotent cells, isolated from fat tissue removed during liposuction, expressed many embryonic stem cell markers and were able to differentiate into muscle, bone, fat, cardiac, neuronal and liver cells. An examination of their genetic characteristics confirmed their specialized functions, as well as their capacity to regenerate tissue when transplanted back into the body following their "awakening."

"This population of cells lies dormant in the fat tissue until it is subjected to very harsh conditions. These cells can survive in conditions in which usually only cancer cells can live," Chazenbalk said. "Upon further investigation and clinical trials, these cells could prove a revolutionary treatment option for numerous diseases, including heart disease, stroke and for tissue damage and neural regeneration."

The results of the two-year study are published June 5, 2013 in the peer-reviewed journal PLOS ONE.

Purifying and isolating Muse-AT cells does not require the use of a cell sorter or other specialized, high-tech devices. They are able to grow either in suspension, forming cell spheres, or as adherent cells, forming cell aggregates very similar to human embryonic stem cell-derived embryoid bodies.

"We have been able to isolate these cells using a simple and efficient method that takes about six hours from the time the fat tissue is harvested," said Chazenbalk,a scientist with the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research. "This research offers a new and exciting source of fat stem cells with pluripotent characteristics, as well as a new method for quickly isolating them. These cells also appear to be more primitive than the average fat stem cells, making them potentially superior sources for regenerative medicine."

Currently, embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells -- skin cells turned into embryonic-like cells -- are the two main sources of pluripotent cells. However, both types can exhibit an uncontrolled capacity for differentiation and proliferation, leading to the formation of unwanted teratoma, or tumors. Little progress has been made in resolving that defect, Chazenbalk said.

Muse cells originally were discovered by a research group at Tokohu University in Japan and were derived from bone marrow and skin, rather than fat. That research group showed that Muse cells did not produce teratomas in animal models. Further research on the Muse-AT cells isolated at UCLA will need to be done to determine whether that cell population avoids production of teratomas.

In addition to providing a potential source of cells for regenerative medicine, Chazenbalk said the Muse-AT cells may provide a better understanding of cancer cells, the only other cells known to display such stress resistance.

Going forward, Chazenbalk and his team will use Muse-AT cells in animal models to regenerate damaged or dysfunctional tissue to determine how efficiently they grow and perform in the body and to gauge their potential for future clinical use.

"Because lipoaspiration is a safe and non-invasive procedure and Muse-AT cell isolation requires a simple yet highly efficient purification technique, Muse-AT cells could provide an ideal source of pluripotent-like stem cells," the study states. "Muse-AT cells have the potential to make a critical impact on the field of regenerative medicine."

The study was funded by the UCLA Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development , the National Institutes of Health through the cooperative agreement U54 HD071836 and by the Department of Stem Cell Biology at Tohoku University in Japan.

The Future Of Agricultural Biotechnology

USDA’a Advisory Committee has prepared a report titled ‘Opportunities and Challenges in Agricultural Biotechnology: The Decade Ahead’ which talks about the advancements made by agricultural biotechnology in the first decade and the future of it over the next ten years. As of now it is difficult to predict which modern biotechnology generated animals or plants we would be able to see in the market in the next ten years but some of the possibilities have been stated in the report and they have been mentioned below: (1) Genetically engineered plant varieties that provide improved human nutrition (e.g., soybeans enriched in omega-3 fatty acids) (2) Products designed for use in improved animal feeds (providing better nutritional balance by increasing the concentration of essential amino acids often deficient in some feed components, increased nutrient density, or more efficient utilization of nutrients such as phosphate that could provide environmental benefits) (3) Crops resistant to drought and other environmental stresses such as salinity (4) Crops resistant to pests and diseases (e.g., fusarium-resistant wheat; chestnut-blight resistant chestnut; plum pox resistance in stone fruit; various insect resistant crops) (5) Additional crops containing a number of transgenic traits incorporated in the same plant (stacked traits) (6) Crops engineered to produce pharmaceuticals, such as vaccines and antibodies (7) Crops engineered for particular industrial uses (e.g., crops having improved processing attributes such as increased starch content, producing useful enzymes that can be extracted for downstream industrial processes, or modified to have higher content of an energy-rich starting material such as oil for improved utilization as biofuel) (8) Transgenic animals for food, or for production of pharmaceuticals or industrial products (e.g., transgenic salmon engineered for increased growth rate to maturity, transgenic goats producing human serum factors in their milk, and pigs producing the enzyme phytase in their saliva for improved nutrient utilization and manure with reduced phosphorus content essays.

Biotechnology: Things You Should Know About Gene Therapy

Introduction

Genetic disorders are becoming common nowadays due to stressful modern lifestyle. Latest technologies are the added values to create many genetic disorders. To overcome the disorders, Gene therapy is a blessing. In order to compensate abnormal genes and make a good gene, genetic material is introduced into cells. In this way, mutated gene will act as a normal gene. Let us see in detail

Ways to insert the gene

There are indirect ways need to be followed to make a gene to function as if it is inserted directly does not function. Carrier also called as vector is used to deliver the gene. In the place of vectors, virus play the role as they are getting modified and hence people are not affected with new diseases when it is integrated into the chromosome of the human cell.

The vectors need to get injected to specific tissue in the body or outwardly patient’s cell is removed and exposed to the vector. In either of the ways need to be again returned to the patient. Successful treatment makes proper genes and genetic disorders get solved.

Gene therapy for treating cancer

Cancer is the dangerous disease and there are many ways to cure cancer including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. But cancerous cells in due course again spread and hence it is a deadly disease. Gene therapy is the best way discovered nowadays for treating cancer.
Let us see the basic fundamentals of cells. cells include packets of data in genes, created either from DNA or RNA. Sequence is there for DNA and if it is in the order, there will be no problem. But at the same time If there is disorder occurs in portion of the genes either turning or changing the position, cells lost their control and abnormal growth is seen which result in cancerous tumors. It can spread in mouth, breast, lung etc.,

Specialists in Gene therapy analyze the patient’s criticality first and follow the treatment procedures. One way is they replace missing or mutated genes into wholesome genes. Inserting totally new genes for fighting cancer, placing DNA into cancerous cells to undergo chemotherapy and radiation or injecting bad gene to destroy them etc., Mesothelioma type of cancers are not at all responded in formal therapies and hence one need to undergo gene therapy essentially. Need to have consultations with doctors to overcome their deadly disease.

Gene therapy importance

Doctors decide whether gene therapy is suitable by the following approaches. If genetic disorders are from mutations in one or more genes or whether a normal copy of the gene that is available in the patient is enough to fix the problems in the affected cells, then doctors determine that gene therapy will be more helpful rather than going for traditional methods.

Conclusion

Genetic engineering is a vast topic. Latest Science innovations in the field of genetic engineering yields for gene therapy. Doctors and scientists together working to find out whether gene therapy is the best suitable way for treating deadly diseases like cancer and others. Let us salute for the positive force of gene therapy.

Top Trends For Biotechnology

Biotechnology simply means to develop or to make useful products with the help of using living systems. Over the years mankind has used biotechnology in several sectors like agriculture, food production and medicine. There are several sectors in which biotechnology can affect severely.

Biotech for human enhancement is the most profitable industry in the 21st century. Careers are influenced by genetic heritage. It is said that by 2020 people will be able to decipher human genome

Which is nothing but the blueprint of our DNA? One of the trends is towards the genetic solutions to the ills. There are several newly discovered drugs will save countless no of lives. These drugs can also eliminate many diseases. A lot of research works have been done on the recent trends for biotechnology. Research output continues to shift to ASIA. The current trends in biotechnology are its association with pharmacy. It is said that within few more years people will be able to turn on or turn off certain genes which can influence on health and performance. People can eliminate unwanted characteristics by using altered genes from their babies. People can also enhance their babies’ capabilities by using the same method. There is different classification of biotechnology having different application of each. Like white or industrial biotechnology helps in the production of chemical base materials and end products. Red biotechnology means development of new medical drugs. Biotechnology is the driving factor behind many applications in medicine. Green or Plant biotechnology is used in production of plants which are renewable recourses. Biotechnology is integrated use of many biological technologies. It also has trends in horticulture. One of the emerging trends in Biotechnology have been observed and noted in recent years. One such trend is the trend in partnering and acquisition of deals. This is applicable to the business perspective towards the delivery and realization of more up to date by products. So basically there are a lot of sectors in which biotechnology can affect. But one of the most suitable choices is pharmaceutical sector. People are focusing more and more now days on the use of biotechnological products. There are a lot of independent biotechnology companies which deals directly with these biotechnological products. Biotechnology is used to develop commercial product also. Biotechnology becomes central priority of the government’s research policy to ensure a high standing of biosciences and to develop newer innovation techniques. At present there are 25 different initiatives to financially support universities, research institutes. They all are working like a chain having same common objectives. There is a healthy competition in between the companies which in turn increases the level of biotechnological products. The key element of this initiative is Biopharma competition. So it depends on the people how they utilize biotechnological products for their better interest.

Biotechnology is a technology which never goes opposite to the nature.

We have to improve the biotechnology with the help of nature. Now a days lots of course are based on Biotechnology in various colleges all over the world. It becomes popular to all the students also.

Courtesy: www.biotechblog.org